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Abstract

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Mice, both wild and laboratory strains, emit ultrasound to communicate. The sex differences between male to female (male–female) and female to female (female–female) ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been discussed for decades. In the present study, we compared the number of USVs emitted to familiar and unfamiliar females by both males (male–female USVs) and females (female–female USVs). We found that females vocalized more to unfamiliar than to familiar females. In contrast, males exhibited more USVs to familiar partners. This sexually dimorphic behavior suggests that mice change their vocal behavior in response to the social context, and their perception of the context is based on social cognition and memory. In addition, because males vocalized more to familiar females, USVs appear to be not just a response to novel things or individuals, but also to be a social response.

Introduction

Social animals utilize signals of specific modalities to communicate with other individuals. Among such signals, vocal communication is widely observed in animals and is superior in many respects (Brudzynski, 2010). In mice, ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are used for communication, and they can be widely observed in both wild and laboratory strains (Sales, 2010). There are two types of USVs commonly known in mice: pupUSVs and courtship vocalizations (Konopka and Roberts, 2016). Vocalizations in mice involved in these two contexts have been well investigated since they were first reported approximately fifty years ago. However, Female to female vocalizations has been know and its characteristics are poorly understood. In the present study, we compared the number of USVs emitted to familiar and unfamiliar females by both males (male–female USVs) and females (female–female USVs).

Results

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Fig. 1. Male and female USVs to familiar or unfamiliar females.

(A) Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure. (B) Female USVs to the familiar or unfamiliar females under the condition of 30 min isolation before recording 1. (C) Females' USVs to the familiar or unfamiliar females under the condition of 1 day isolation before recording 1. (D) Male USVs to the familiar or unfamiliar females under the condition of 30 min isolation before recording 1. (E) Male USVs to familiar or unfamiliar females under the condition of 1 day isolation before recording 1. *P < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test; B, n = 11; C, n = 14, D and E, n = 15. Counter-balanced order of experimental contents for recording 1 and 2 in each individual is indicated as follows: Blue open circle, recording 1 with familiar and recording 2 with unfamiliar female (fam–unfam); lime yellow closed square, recording 1 with unfamiliar and recording 2 with familiar female (unfam–fam).

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Fig. 2. Sex differences in vocal response to familiar or unfamiliar females.

A total comparison among groups is shown in Fig. 1. *P < 0.05, Steel–Dwass test after Kruskal–Wallis test; male 30 min and 1 day isolation, n = 15; female 30 min isolation, n = 11, female 1 day isolation, n = 14. The counter-balanced order of experimental contents for recording 1 and 2 in each individual is indicated in Fig. 1: Blue open circle, fam–unfam; lime yellow closed square, unfam–fam.

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Fig. 3. Comparison of the total number of USVs among groups

The total number of USVs (recording 1 + 2) per min among groups is shown. 1. *P < 0.05, Steel–Dwass test after Kruskal–Wallis test; male 30 min and 1 day isolation, n = 15; female 30 min isolation, n = 11, female 1 day isolation, n = 14. The counter-balanced order of experimental contents for recording 1 and 2 in each individual is indicated as in Fig. 1-2: Blue open circle, fam–unfam; lime yellow closed square, unfam–fam.

Discussion

We found that females vocalized more to unfamiliar than to familiar females in B6 strains, which could be replication as observed in another strain. In contrast, males exhibited more USVs to familiar partners. This sexually dimorphic behavior suggests that mice change their vocal behavior in response to the social context, and that their perception of the context is based on social cognition and memory. In addition, because males vocalized more to familiar females, USVs appear to be not just a response to novel things or individuals, but also could be a social response. The mechanisms and roles of these behaviors should be investigated further; however, these behaviors can be useful assays for social behavior to compare with some transgenic strains, which can be applied to both males and females, respectively.

Reference

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